Journal of Sustainability, Environment and Peace
Journal of Sustainability, Environment and Peace (JSEP) is an international, scholarly, trans-disciplinary, peer-reviewed and open access journal of sustainability of humans in the context of the environment, economics, society, governance, culture and peace. JSEP provides a platform for research communication of original, innovative works and reviews aimed at sustainability and sustainable development.
Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi
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Analysis of 30 years’ historical climate change trends and variability in Mt. Elgon, Kenya, Africa
Mountain habitats are critical for identifying the effects of climate change on livelihoods. The study's main goal was the “analysis of 30 years’ historical climate change trends and variability in Mt. Elgon, Kenya, Africa.” The study employed primary data from KIIs, FGDs, and household questionnaire survey representing community views. The study also employed secondary data from the Kitale Meteorological Station (KMS) for rainfall and temperature from 1986 to 2015. Statistical and descriptive techniques were used to analyse both quantitative and qualitative data. The yearly rainfall trend has typically been growing increasing as evidenced by the positive slope of 9.96, but with a tiny coefficient of determination of 0.28, according to the study of rainfall data. Within time series, MAM trends have been dropping, whilst OND trends have been increasing. However, when these trends were tested for significance using linear regression, the p-values were found to be bigger than the level of confidence, indicating that the increases in trends are not significant (5 percent). According to the study's findings, temperature trends have risen significantly between 1986 and 2015. The temperature trend had a significance of 5%, which is comparable to climate change as a result of global warming. Over 90% of the farmers polled said they had noticed changes in climate patterns as far back as 30 years. As a result, the region's overlapping climate changes include altered precipitation regimes and higher surface temperatures. These findings are crucial for improving adaptive ability and increasing resilience, as well as making informed decisions and planning future livelihood management strategies. This data can also be used to develop appropriate response mechanisms to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change and variability on livelihoods in the study area.
Mountain ecosystems, climate change, climate variability, response mechanisms.
Vlimate Change and Adaptation and Environmental Science.
Copyright (c) 2023 Bon Bonzemo Waswa Sindani, Daniel Ochieng' Olago, Lydia Atieno Olaka, Dorothy Akinyi Amwata
Community Water Governance In Lower Thiba Sub-Catchment, Kenya
Effective water governance ought to involve the manner in which allocative and regulatory politics are exercised in the management of water resource, and should embrace the formal and informal institutions by which authority is exercised. In Lower Thiba Sub-catchment of Kenya, slightly over 70% of the population in the area depend on water for irrigation purposes. This study explored how the existing legal instruments and institutions affect water governance in the area. Data was collected from 361 respondents using questionnaires, 9 key informant interviews, 5 focus group discussions, as well as direct observations. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Software. The results showed that 87% (P≤0.05) of the respondents were aware that they need to protect water resources, though only 50% reported a supportive attitude. This can be explained by the fact that river water is accessible throughout the year to most farmers, hence the need to conserve water is not urgent. 76% of the respondents were aware of existing water sector government institutions and rules in existence. Awareness of the water sector laws was at 68% while compliance to the same was at 80% (P≤0.05). Low awareness level of the public at 65% and weak enforcement from the regulators (20%) were cited as major reasons for non- compliance to the existing water rules. Main enforcement agencies were the water committees at 50% (P≤0.05), formed from water users associations in the area. In all, 56% of the respondents felt that the existing legal and institutional frameworks governing water were effective. Only 51% were members of community water institutions, with WRUA having the highest membership of 44% across the sub-catchment. Based on the findings, the study concluded that there is need for strengthening community involvement in water governance, enhancing capacity building to the surrounding community, and enforcement of water conservation and management laws within the sub-catchment.
governance, compliance, water use, sub-catchment, Lower Thiba
Copyright (c) 2023 Sarah Wagatwe Wangechi, Mutembei Henry M'IKiugu, Geoffrey Kironchi Kironchi
Managing geothermal project implementation conflicts through mediation: A case of Olkaria IV Project, Nakuru county, Kenya
Geothermal energy installations generate conflicts that escalate when improperly managed. Studies from outside Kenya have demonstrated application of mediation in managing conflicts over natural resources. However, its efficacy has not been adequately covered in Kenya. This study used the case of mediation between project affected persons (PAPs) and the developers of Olkaria IV energy project to document the process, to assess its role in resolving conflicts that emanated from the implementation of the project. A PAPs’ household heads survey, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KII) were conducted. Primary data was collected on pre-mediation preparations; mediation attributes, post-mediation buy-in and endorsements and the sequel of mediation. Secondary data was obtained from documents available in the mediation archive. The protagonists, that is, the Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) and PAPs agreed to use mediation to resolve their conflicts. The mediation neutralized conflicts between KenGen and the PAPs, mended relationships between them, improved PAPs’ livelihoods and smoothened project operations. The community representatives, selected by themselves, regularly reported back and held consultation with the larger community. This promoted acceptability of the results and is here presented as a good practice, in addition to having competent mediators with good listening and probing skills. Further, inclusion of women and youth in the mediation exercise combined with freedom of expression during the mediation clinics, ensured that the weaker gender’s voice was heard and its input incorporated in the agreement. In spite of the above, there is a need for greater democratization for the PAPs representation, and a more comprehensive documentation of the process. The last two provide opportunity for copying this case for an improved mediation process. Finally, it is recommended that policies be formulated to provide for use of mediations as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, in future project developmental conflicts in Kenya.
Mediation and resolution of developmental conflicts
Copyright (c) 2022 Lilian Namuma S Kong'ani, Raphael G. Wahome, Thuita Thenya
Recreational green spaces as the future for sustainable cities: Case of Karura Forest in Nairobi, Kenya
Urban areas have been experiencing unprecedented growth since the beginning of the 20th century. Rapid urbanization is likely to present various challenges relating to human health, food security, water and energy needs, aesthetic and recreational spaces. Thus, the United Nations Agenda 2030 premised on economic, social and environmental sustainability may not be realized. This paper focuses on the recreational facilities in Karura Forest located in the peri-urban area of Nairobi City. It uses both quantitative and qualitative research design. In-depth literature review was used to enrich research findings. Data was collected from a selected sample of 1150 Nairobi residents. It provides an inventory of recreational facilities and examines the contribution open and green spaces make to the residents. The preferences of these residents to visit the facilities are also documented. The study found out that about 77.6% of the visitors came from nearby high-income areas of Muthaiga, Nyari, Rosslyn, Peponi and Runda, about 21.4% came from middle-income areas of Parklands, Mlolongo, Athi River and Langata while only a paltry 1% came from the low-income areas of Kangemi, Ngara, Huruma and DeepSea slums. Most of the visitors were between 14 and 52 years of age. Findings are expected to inform policy and future urban planning for green spaces and their recreational value. To ensure sustainable development in the future, there is need to preserve the existing open and recreational green facilities in Nairobi. Both the County and National Governments should formulate and implement the Sustainable Kenyan Cities Policy to preserve open and green spaces in the rapidly growing urban areas of the country.
Copyright (c) 2022 Parita Sureshchandra Shah, Evaristus Irandu
Barriers to Environmental Governance for Sustainable Urban Development
Cities globally are estimated to double their population by 2050 thereby increasing the necessity to underscore sustainability. Projections of economic growth, social equality, infrastructural development in urban centers and cities highlight the precept of environmental governance in attaining sustainable urban development. Untold impacts of unstructured urban development become barriers to environmental governance particularly on pillars of governance such as transparency and equity. Further, these barriers to environmental governance focus on institutional, financial and policy frameworks that have not been developed for sustainable urban development. The implied cost of urban planning and reduced urban personnel enhance barriers for environmental governance and sustainable urban development. The study utilized an exploratory research design which employed secondary data for analysis and desktop reviews on environmental governance and sustainable urban development for emerging cities globally and those in existence. Findings of the study illustrate the pivotal role of environmental governance for sustainable urban development with a keen focus on institutions, financial prudence and enhanced policy frameworks. The findings further underscore the necessity to amalgamate environmental governance and urban development with a view of fostering sustainability in an increasing urban and city population. Overcoming the barriers to environmental governance cements sustainability for urban centers and safeguards the future growth of sustainable cities.
Copyright (c) 2022 Bessy E. Kathambi and Linda M. Obiero
Effects of Adherence to Environmental Rules and Regulations in Stone Quarrying at Tuluongoi Sublocation of Baringo County, Kenya
Stone quarrying has been recognized as a socioeconomic activity serving as a fundamental source of livelihood for some communities. Nonetheless, most operations are often accompanied by adverse effects on the same communities and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the level of awareness of environmental rules, regulations, and principles governing stone quarrying in Tuluongoi sublocation, Tenges Division, Baringo County. The study also sought to establish whether there is a linkage between awareness of environmental rules, principles, and regulations governing stone quarrying and the impacts on the environment. Two villages were chosen for the study. The stratified sampling procedure was used to pick 120 households from the two villages, the total number (97) of regular quarry workers was enumerated, and purposive sampling was used to select six key informants. The quarry workers and household heads were the primary units for data collection. Primary data were collected by using questionnaires, in-depth interviews, observations, and pictorials. Secondary data were obtained from census reports, peer-reviewed journals, county strategic plans, unpublished theses, and scholarly books. Some data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while the SPSS software was used to generate tables, graphs, and frequencies. The chi-square procedure was used to test whether the awareness of environmental rules and regulations on stone quarrying were significantly independent of environmental degradation at the 0.05 significance level. The study established that 55.1% of quarry workers and 65% of household heads were unaware of any environmental rules, regulations, and principles governing stone quarrying. Out of those aware, 88.9% of household heads and 67.7% of quarry workers had poor awareness of environmental regulations and requirements. The study recommends that National Environment Management Authority promotes and enforces environmental rules, regulations, policies, and principles governing stone quarrying in collaboration with the relevant county government departments by enhancing awareness among the residents.
Copyright (c) 2021 Caroline J. Kibii, Isaac J Ndolo
Adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change by smallholder dairy farmers: A case of Nandi county in Kenya
Climate change has an impact on agriculture and subsequently food productivity and security. This study assesses adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change by smallholder dairy farmers in the Nandi county of Kenya. Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant interviews were used to collect data. A Pearson's chi-square test was used to test significant associations. Results indicate most households in study area were male headed (79.2%), with between 4 and 6 people (51.8%) and aged between 31 and 60 years (75.4%). Over 80% of households were dependent on farming as a source of income. Households depended on natural pastures on their own farms as a source of feed (76.5%) and crop residues (49.9%). Natural pastures and fodder crops were considered the most important source of feed for the cows. Fodder were planted in less than 0.5 acres of land for Napier (80.1%), Rhodes grass (57.5%), Sorghum (54%), Maize (33.4%), Kikuyu Grass (40.3%), Lucerne (59.4%) and household planting <50 fodder Trees (82.1%). Smallholder farmers conserved/preserved crop residue (88.2%), hay (39.9%) and silage (35.4%). Methods used to address negative experiences of climate change included use conserved hay/ silage (44.2%), buying of commercial feeds (40.9%), use crop residue (74.6%), moving of animals to other farms (8.8%) and selling of animals (17.4%). Measures to prevent negative effects of climate change included adoption of fodder types/varieties (54.7%) and conservation and preservation practices (70.0%). The study recommends greater attention to increase fodder crop production and conservation, support to smallholder farmers to explore new ways that would sustainably help them adapt and mitigate the effect of climate change on fodder productivity and subsequently on milk production.
Copyright (c) 2021 Josephine Wangechi Kirui, Nzioka John Muthama, Charles Karuku Gachuiri, Joshua Ndiwa Ngaina
Impacts of climate change on agriculture in Senegal: A systematic review
Climate change is a global environmental threat, affecting every sector of the economy with agriculture being the most affected as a result of its dependence on climate especially rainfall and temperature. The objective of this study is to examine the impacts of climate change on agriculture (crop production) and identify the farmers’ adaptation strategies to the impacts of climate change in Senegal. This study employed systematic literature review. Searching of relevant documents were conducted between 26th December 2020 and 10th February, 2021. A comprehensive search of six databases were conducted. The databases searched were Scopus, African Journal Online (AJOL), ProQuest, Elsevier, Research gate, and Google scholar. The findings revealed that temperature is expected to increase by median value of 0.90C (0.70C-1.50C) by 2035, by 2.10 (1.60C-3.30C) by 2065, and 4.00C (2.6-5.90C) by 2100 and rainfall could increase by 1% (uncertainty range of −4% to +8%) by 2035, 2% (−8% to +8%) by 2065, and 5% (−10% to +16%) by 2100. As a result of rising temperatures, local agricultural production will be less than 50kg per capita by 2050. This is expected to have an effect on crop imports as well as regional migration. The decrease in rainfall under RCP2.6, (Representative Concentration Pathway) combined with the effect of temperature, has a significant impact on the yield of sorghum, maize, and millet, with production decreasing by up to 20-50%. Farmers employed several adaptation strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change; sowing improved variety, mixed cropping, income diversification, ownership of multiple farms, religious practices in form of prayer. The review recommends strengthening of climate related institutions, adoption of new innovations, implementation of new climate related policies, climate monitoring and forecasting, enhancing and strengthening community-based adaptation through sensitization and incentives.
Copyright (c) 2021 Abubakar Ahmed, Mukhtar Suleiman, Musbahu Jibrin Abubakar, Abba Saleh
Assessment of the Influence of Beach Management Units on Fisheries Governance in Migingo Island, Kenya
Beach Management Units (BMUs) in Kenya were established to ensure sustainable utilization and management of the fishery resource. BMUs as co-management institutions were conceptualized after the failed state-controlled fisheries management. Sustainable management by the BMUs has however not been realized, years after the institution’s inception. The study aimed to assess the management of Migingo BMUs; establish the effects of management of BMUs on the implementation of the regulations; and assess the implementation of regulations with regards to fish stocks. The study was done in Migingo Island, Lake Victoria which borders Kenya and Uganda. Data was collected from the BMU committee members and stakeholders at the fish landing site along the island’s shores. This was done through a questionnaire based survey; semi structured interviews from key informants and; focus discussion groups. Results revealed that the three out of seven functions were performed satisfactorily by the Migingo BMU. These were revenue collection, confiscation of illegal gears and arrest of offenders, as depicted by the satisfaction of respondents at 42%, 38%, and 68%, respectively. The other functions - conducting meetings, patrol of the lake, formulation of bylaws and inventory keeping had poor performance. Migingo’s BMU structure was found to be wanting as it lacked the assembly branch. Implementation of regulations by the BMU faced various challenges; lack of support from the government, inadequate funds and equipment and inadequate knowledge to operate its functions. This study shows that BMUs are viable institutions however the poor structure and management of Migingo’s BMU along with the challenges faced in implementing the stipulated regulations led to its ineffectiveness. Capacity building is therefore needed on the BMU’s management and governance at large, provision of relevant skills, equipment and funds and improved support from the government for the BMU to be efficient and effective.
Copyright (c) 2021 Lucky cinny Tubman, Kariuki Muigua, Nzioka John Muthama
Higher Education and Skills Development in Africa: An Analytical Paper on the Role of Higher Learning Institutions on Sustainable Development
Many Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Africa face challenges that require the intervention of national governments, development partners and other stakeholders. HEIs also require new investment paradigms to maximize students’ acquisition of work-ready skills, knowledge and attitudes to enable students to contribute effectively to the workforce. The objective of this study was to identify reforms and investments needed to strengthen Higher Education (HE) in Africa and to inform the design and implementation of future investments and policy for sustainable development. A systematic review approach, involving a synthesis of literature on this theme in Africa in recent years, by African governments, education networks, academia and international bodies, was employed. The study used data from UNESCO and World Bank databases which were blended with the synthesis of the literature. The obtained literature was analysed and synthesized on the basis of its relevance and value to the HEIs study discourse. Textual and thematic analysis tookcentre stage with a view to establishing current reforms in HEIs and the concomitant investments that national governments and other key stakeholders need to make to have robust HEIs. The study used the Human Capital Theory that postulates that the most efficient path to the national development of any society lies in the improvement of its population, which is considered as the human capital. Despite criticisms of the human capital theory at the individual level on the extent to which education is directly related to improvements in occupation or income, human capital theorists generally assume that after all the known inputs into economic growth have been explained, much of the unexplained residual variance represents the contribution of the improvement of human capital, of which education is seen as most important (Merwe, 2010). The results of the study show that HEIs have done very little to promote Intra-Africa Academic Mobility and nurture HEI-industry partnerships to address demand and supply aspects of the labour force. The massification of higher education, resulting in a democratization of education, and the advent of the knowledge economy and globalization, among other factors, are being experienced without commensurate planning and with no corresponding accompanying increase in resources to enable the HEIs cope with the increased student population. HEIs in Africa are sub-optimally capacitated to combat Africa’s pressing challenges such as unemployment, climate change and COVID-19 pandemic. The study points out that HEIs need to evolve in tandem with continental and global market needs to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 4 on quality education. Further, it recommends that HEIs should encourage Intra-Africa Academic Mobility and foster HEI-industry partnerships to address demand-and-supply aspects of the labour force. In this respect, HEIs in Africa should be developing curricula aimed at building capacity of leaders and professionals to respond to the need to decarbonize and dematerialize development in Africa and leverage on the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Consequently, HEIs must prepare students to be entrepreneurial and resilient; able to continue to learn and reinvent themselves and their careers throughout their lives. Indeed, HEIs should view themselves as creative hubs where partners come together and harness each other’s synergy to innovate and solve societal problems.
Copyright (c) 2021 Peter M. F. Mbithi, Judith S. Mbau, Nzioka J. Muthama, Hellen Inyega, Jeremiah Kalai
Land use influence on distribution and abundance of herbivores in Samburu-Laikipia, Kenya
The distribution and abundance of different wildlife herbivores was studied in Samburu-Laikipia landscape. The study sites included; Mpala and Oljogi, both commercial ranches in Laikipia district; Oldonyiro and Kipsing community areas in Isiolo district; West Gate Conservancy, Ngaroni Community area, Kalama Community area and Sessia-Barsalinga Community area in Samburu district; and Buffalo Spring National Reserve and Samburu National Reserve both protected areas in the landscape. The objectives of the study were: 1) Determine the influence of different land use on seasonal abundances and distribution wildlife species and 2) Examine the influence of livestock, human settlements and water on wildlife species in Samburu-Laikipia landscape. Distance sampling was used to estimate wildlife, livestock and bomas densities. Distance to nearest water was projected from GPS coordinates for both wildlife and livestock sighting using ARCGIS. Our analysis showed non-uniform distributions of wildlife groups across the Samburu-Laikipia ecosystem largely driven by seasonal rainfall patterns and land use types. Like predicted, most wildlife groups occurred in higher abundances on protected areas, Laikipia commercial ranches and community conservancies unlike in community grazing areas in both dry and wet season. However, large grazers increased substantially in community grazing areas over the wet season when livestock grazing was heavy, stimulating growth of short annuals plants of high-quality nutrients. Human activities had negative influences on all wildlife groups. Our findings indicate that the type of land -use influenced herbivore distribution and abundance in Samburu-Laikipia landscape. This suggests that human activities, including pastoralism, in conjunction with season rainfall patterns and land-use shape herbivore distribution and abundance in the area. Conservation strategies for successfully increasing survival of wildlife therefore, requires maintenance of a mixture of land-use types with well controlled and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2021 Joseph Nderitu Kirathe, John Maina Githaiga, Robert Mutugi Chira, Daniel Rubenstein
Imperatives for pastoral livelihood sustainability in the Mara ecosystem, Kenya
The seventeen (17) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) form a firm foundation for livelihoods and ecologi-cal sustainability in biodiversity conservation. Of the 17 SDGs, five of them focus on promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12), promotion of actions at all levels to deal with climate change (SDG 13), protecting and restoring all terrestrial ecosystems to end biodiversity loss (SDG 15), achieving peaceful and inclusive societies, the rule of law, effective and capable institutions (SDG 16) and strengthening and enhancing the means of implementation and global partnership for sustainable development (SDG 17) form the bond within which other SDGs coalesce with the goal of attaining sustainability of planetary ecosystems. The Kenyan and Tanzanian constitutions also are aligned to the achievement of livelihood sustainability. The fragmentation of the Mau-Mara ecosystem and consequent loss of wildlife habitat, the occurrence of droughts due to fluctuating rainfall patterns, loss of woody vegetation, commercial agricultural land use, population growth, increase in human settlement, and associated poaching are some of the factors responsible for shrinking wildlife resources in the Mara. Climate change poses a serious challenge for the Mara due to its adverse effects on temperature and rainfall patterns. Several recommendations have been suggested in this paper regarding different ways of addressing these human-wildlife conflicts. They include growing wildlife as a cash crop with a bonus to the local community and collaboration with the private sector to enhance the free movement of livestock while also freeing space within wildlife corridors, among others. This paper attempts to examine how the Maasai pastoral livelihoods are changing and the strategies adopted to cope with climate change and competing land uses in the Mara ecosystem. Suggestions are also made on some practical solutions that could contribute to sustainable pastoral livelihood systems in the area if implemented. This paper relies on literature search and review of various research works carried out in the Mara-Serengeti to highlight key issues involving livelihoods’ sustainability in the Mara ecosystem. The research revealed the threat posed by climate change and underlined the need for adaptation ensure livelihood sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2021 Alice A. Oluoko-Odingo, Evaristus Makuyi Irandu
Challenges, opportunities and sustainability of community forest associations and water resource users associations: A case of Kilungu catchment, Kenya
Catchment degradation in the Kilungu catchment area in Kenya has persisted, albeit the presence of Kenze Community Forest Associations (CFAs) and Upper Kaiti Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) involvement. This study sought to assess the challenges faced by CFAs and WRUAs, available opportunities and sustainability in the management of the catchment, employing an exploratory, descriptive survey. Data was collected through household questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informants’ Interviews (KII) and direct observations. The study established that Kenze CFA was facing major challenges at a rating of Very high (58%) and Highly (42%) as compared to Upper Kaiti WRUA at Very High (21%) and Highly (49), respectively. The Major challenges for the CFA being a non-functional CFA structure, while WRUAs challenges were minor on soft skills. Further, the challenges impacted highly on the outcomes of the CFA performance at a Very High (58%), Highly (42%) and WRUA Very High (21%) and Highly (49%), resulting in increased degradation of the catchment. In terms of opportunities, both institutions had various opportunities, although the WRUA had more opportunities at an affirmative Yes (99%) compared to CFA’s (54%). The key WRUA opportunity was that of being capacity build and empowered in order to ensure continuous efficient decision making and participatory management of the catchment, while the CFA had a supportive policy and law which presented a great opportunity of being enforced. Further, the WRUA respondents were more positive that the opportunities could improve the catchment at 38% (moderately), 42% (highly) and 20% (very high) compared to CFA’s 30% (moderately), 23% (highly) and 22% (very high). Results on Upper Kaiti WRUA and Kenze CFA respondent’s perceptions on sustainability revealed that both the WRUA and CFA were functioning well on aspects of equity and inclusiveness at WRUA rating of very highly (55 %), moderately (88%), and CFA very highly (25%), and moderately (50%). On accountability, WRUA had a rating of very highly (34%) and Moderate (88%), while the CFA was rated very highly (52%), and moderately (50%). In terms of WRUA and CFA effectiveness and efficiency, WRUA was rated very highly (36%), moderately (24) and CFA very highly (51%) and moderately (53%), respectively. Further results indicated that the WRUA highly involved its members in participatory decision making at moderately (88%) and highly (48%), compared to CFAs, who were rated at zero percent in the involvement of members in participatory decision making. On the observance of the rule of law, the WRUA were further rated highly (46%) and moderately (97%), while the CFAs were rated at zero percent. On consensus orientation, WRUAs were again rated highly (56%) and moderately (97%), while the CFAs were rated at zero percent. The study found that CFAs were facing more challenges, had fewer opportunities and various sustainability issues than the WRUAs, who were found to be having fewer challenges, had many opportunities and were significantly sustainable in all sustainability indicators. The implication of these results is that there is a critical need of addressing the challenges facing CFA and continually improve on the WRUA sustainability aspects as well as ensuring continuous empowerment of both institutions in order to overcome their myriad challenges, exploit their opportunities and ensure their sustainability. Further, there is a desperate need for a new and effective system for integrated Kilungu catchment management.
opportunities and sustainability of CFA and WRUA incatchment management.
Copyright (c) 2021 Patricia Mumbi Wambua, Nzioka John Muthama, Thuita Thenya
Sub-National policy readiness as regards the planet’s carrying capacity and environmental sustainability in Kenya
The achievement of global sustainable development goals subject to planetary boundaries will mostly be determined at national and at sub-national level as regards contribution to cultures, economies, material use, and waste generation. This paper seeks to investigate planetary and Kenya’s county boundaries as development targets from a county development plan perspective. The methodology provides an important tool for counties to play a more fulsome and active role in global sustainable development. Content analysis of the nine limits, namely: climate change, novel entities, ozone depletion, aerosol loading, ocean acidification, biogeochemical flows, freshwater use, land-system change, and biosphere integrity, was performed in the context of the respective County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) 2018-2023. A total of 22 CIDPs for 22 counties are analysed to capture the content entailing issues pertaining to the above nine limits. Correlation analysis of the counts of the limits were generated and discussed. It was observed that the CIDPs cover between 30 to 60% of the expected content of the limits. This is a pointer to the extent to which the counties, and hence Kenya as a country, are ready as regards addressing planetary boundaries at local level. Further, correlation analysis on the counts on planetary boundaries versus peace issues revealed positive correlation between biodiversity and peace, with a correlation coefficient of 0.575. It is interesting to observe that the counties having strategies on biodiversity have associate peace initiatives. This is a pointer that promotion of biodiversity conservation is closely relate to peaceful outcomes.
Factors influencing household production of sorghum and millet in Kiminini sub-county of Trans-Nzoia county, Kenya
The production of sorghum and millet has remained low, and to some extent declined in most regions of Kenya. Little documented information exists on the main causes of this decline and the effects on household income and food security in Kiminini sub-county, and Trans Nzoia County in general. This study therefore sought to identify the factors that influence household production of sorghum and millet in Kiminini Sub-county of Trans-Nzoia County. Specifically, the study examined the extent of production of sorghum and millet; the factors that influence farmers’ preference for other crops; and the impact of such decline to households’ food security. The study utilized a random sample of 100 farm households to collect primary data using a structured questionnaire and an interview schedule. Secondary data were collected from documented information on sorghum and millet production in the study area and the whole country at large. Data were then analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Data presented in this study reveal the following: First, production of sorghum and millet in Kiminini Location is low and declining. Second, socio-economic characteristics typical of most households especially food prices, education level, gender and cultural values, farm size, off-farm employment, off-farm income, total household income, farm labour supply and number of household dependants, maize preference and the negative attitude towards sorghum and millet cultivation determine sorghum and millet production in the study area. In view of the above findings, this study recommendations that there is need to increase sorghum and millet production by studying the attitudes of the producers, recognizing the important of household governance, particularly the role women play in household food production, involving them in decision-making processes, providing credit facilities and subsidizing prices of farm inputs in order to make them affordable to farmers.
Sorghum, Millet, Household governance, food security
Adoption of improved cookstoves in the peri-urban areas of Nairobi: Case of Magina area, Kiambu county, Kenya
Concerted efforts have been made to enable communication and adoption of improved cookstoves by diverse development organizations in Kenya. However, their adoption remains low. This study sought to examine levels of adoption and use of improved cookstoves in Magina, Kiambu County and determine factors affecting their adoption and use. Results demonstrate that 93% of the households received the cookstoves from developmental programmes, among these 50% were making use of them but only 14% of the 50% had fully adopted them as main cookstoves. Efficiency and suitability, socio-cultural practices, economic capacity, limited capacity to appreciate the improved cookstoves concept and governance considerations were the cited limiting factors to adoption and use. There is need for an enabling policy and strategies to implement the bottom-up approach in the design and implementation of improved cookstoves to facilitate the upscaling of the adoption and use of improved cookstoves to conserve the forests in the country for sustainable development.
Adoption, use, development organizations, dissemination, improved cookstoves
Factors influencing compliance with occupational safety regulations and requirements among artisanal and small-scale miners in central sakwa ward, siaya county
The paper emanates from a larger study on occupational safety compliance in artisanal and small-scale gold mines in Siaya County, Kenya. One of the key objectives of the study was to establish the factors influencing compliance with occupational safety regulations and requirements, among artisanal and small-scale miners in the study area. The study utilized a proportionate random sampling design to draw a sample of 97 miners. Primary data were obtained mainly through field interviews, observations and photography while secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Research findings indicate that compliance with occupational safety regulations and requirements is influenced by awareness of the regulations and requirements, the use and cost of personal protective equipment, gender and administrative failure/incompetence. The study concludes that that the non-compliance factors need to be urgently addressed through appropriate policy, legal and institutional interventions.
Artisanal and small-scale mining, occupational health and safety, compliance
Effects of civil conflicts on global oil prices and their impact on the energy sector
Recent research has increasingly interrogated the association between oil and civil conflicts within the political context while overlooking the primary use of oil. This paper examines three aspects of the claim “oil is a curse”. First, is it true? Second, is there a link between oil and civil conflicts? And third, do higher oil prices affect the energy sector, specifically electricity generation and pricing? By employing correlation matrices with data spanning from 1970 to 2016 at both global and local scale, the results of this analysis indicate that oil may be a curse or a blessing. Observation of oil prices and civil conflicts suggest a relationship between higher oil prices and severe civil conflicts with foreign state intervention. Severe imperial/colonial conflicts are associated with lower oil prices while no relationship is observed between oil prices and state based civil conflicts. These findings demonstrate that civil conflicts can arise in cases when oil prices are low and that foreign states have a bearing on oil related conflicts. Both electricity generation from conventional thermal sources and the fuel cost charge component of electricity prices are highly affected by global oil prices with correlations of 0.54 and 0.74, respectively. Renewable electricity sources - hydropower and geothermal were unaffected by global oil prices. This study does not endorse the use of conventional thermal sources for electricity generation while inviting more in-depth case studies on the link between civil conflicts and oil price shocks and their effects on the energy sector.
Patterns of Livelihood Diversification among Kamnarok National Reserve adjacent Communities in Baringo County, Kenya
Evidence abounds that rural households do not only receive a significant proportion of their livelihoods from agriculture, but also from non-farm sources through diversification. The purpose of the study was to assess patterns of livelihood diversification and human-wildlife conflicts among communities living near Kamnarok NR in Baringo, Kenya. A qualitative approach using exploratory research design was adopted. Questionnaire survey and observation were used as data collection tools and census sampling of the three locations of Barwesa ward in Baringo County formed the unit of analysis. Likert scale type of questionnaire provided options for scoring in the measurement of the prevailing livelihood in the study area. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to test reliability of the items found with the significance level at 0.7. Descriptive statistics, Factor analysis and Pearson Correlation were used to analyze data. The findings reveal that Kamnarok NR adjacent community exhibit variations in diversified livelihood portfolios pursued as a measure to ameliorate themselves from the risks of agro-climatic vulnerabilities and livelihood risks brought by wildlife. Furthermore, agro-climatic vulnerabilities, general push factors and physical asset possessions were observed to be livelihoods diversification motivational factors. Furthermore, from the six factors analyzed, the majority explained patterns of livelihood diversification. For example, four factors (66.7%) explained patterns of diversification and at least a third of the factors (33.3%) were insignificant in explaining livelihood diversification. General pull factors thought to be the main motivational factor for livelihood diversification was insignificant. Physical asset possessions and contextual factors, however, were the most important factors in explaining patterns of livelihood diversification. Physical asset possession was more significant than wildlife-related factors suggesting that the existence and possession of an array of assets such as land, livestock, buildings and machinery, human labour and adequate capital are the principal motivating factors for diversified livelihoods in Kamnarok NR adjacent areas. Quantifying and characterizing factors driving patterns of livelihood diversification among communities living in biodiversity-rich rangelands can complement livelihood risk data and result in robust human-wildlife mitigation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2020 Henry Kemboi Togoch, Irandu M. Evaristus, Thuita Thenya
Effects of Rainfall Variability on Water Quality of Yanze River in Kigali, Rwanda
The effects of highly variable rainfall patterns on water quality of Yanze River in Kigali was investigated in this study. The study was divided into fieldwork and laboratory analysis where statistical analyses were used to establish the relationship between water quality and rainfall patterns. Anthropogenic activities along Yanze River were assessed by taking transect walks and conducting key informant interviews. Eight parameters were considered in this study and these include, turbidity, total suspended solids, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, E-coli and total coliforms. This paper is focusing on the trend analysis of both rainfall and water quality of Yanze river for seven years (2012-2018). Trends of rainfall, water quantity and quality patterns of Yanze River were analysed using a non-parametric Mann–Kendall test and their relationship established using Pearson’s Product Moment correlation coefficient. The Mann-Kendall statistical test showed that the characteristics of water quality, rainfall and water levels of Yanze River varied across the years from 2012 to 2018. In particular, the MK test indicated that all the weather stations in Yanze region had a negative trend ranging between -0.137 to -0.233 implying a decrease in rainfall over the period of study. The trend analysis of Yanze water level generally shows a positive trend of 0.187. The results show increased water levels ranging between 0.55m and 0.9m in all seasons. For the trend analysis of water quality of Yanze, all eight parameters that were considered in this study showed a positive and erratic trend except nitrate. The results by Mann Kendall test indicated that e-coli, total coliforms, turbidity and total suspended solids showed the highest positive trend of 0.520, 0.50, 0.47 and 0.40 respectively. The results also showed the pattern of erratic rainfall for the past 7 years, characterized by increase of rainfall in the years 2012 to 2013, 2015 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018 and a decrease of rainfall from the year 2014 to 2015 and 2017 and the observed changes were affecting the water quality of Yanze River in the corresponding years. Correlation analysis using Pearson Product Moment between water quality and rainfall ranged from -0.10 to 0.47 while their coefficient of determination r2 varied between 0.04 % and 22.39%. It was noted that precipitation had an influence on the increase in concentration of water quality parameters especially turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and electric conductivity. The r2 values in this study were low, which indicated that there could be other factors that could be contributing to the degradation of Yanze water quality such as land use and land cover, topography of the area as well as high population density coupled with poor human settlement
Copyright (c) 2020 Urinayo Victoire, David K. Kariuki, Alfred Owuor opere
The Contribution of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices in Mitigating Farmers against Maize Yield Losses, a Case of Bukembe ward in Bungoma County
Over the years, the causes of climatic changes have been visible in the agriculture sector. It is noted that agricultural practices have the potential to mitigate climate change through climate-smart agricultural practices thus increases production and income of farmers. This study assesses how the effects of intercropping maize with legumes and using animal manure alongside planting of high yielding certified maize varieties mitigates farmers against maize yield losses in Bukembe ward of Bungoma County. A questionnaire set up in Open Data Kit (ODK) was administered to collect data from 250 randomly selected maize producing farmers. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was performed to ascertain if the climate-smart agriculture practices used in maize production increased maize yields hence mitigating the farmer against maize yield losses. The overall model was significant at P < 0.05 with an R – squared of 42%. Intercropping maize with legumes and adding manure to the maize crop was significant at P < 0.01; planting high yielding certified maize varieties was significant at P < 0.05. Few farmers planted high yielding certified maize varieties and added manure to the maize crop. This study recommends that farmers should be encouraged to add manure when planting maize and use high yielding certified maize varieties every season. Planting high yielding certified maize varieties, intercropping maize with beans and use of manure increases maize yields. Manure helps in the soil organic matter and soil moisture retention properties.
Copyright (c) 2020 Philip Siminyu, Judith Mbau, Dr, Willis Oluoch-Kosura, Prof
Hazardous Biomedical Waste Management in a Level Four Private Hospital in Nairobi County, Kenya
The objectives of the study were to characterize hazardous biomedical waste and assess how the waste managed in a Level Four private Hospital in Nairobi County, Kenya. The hospital selected for the study is one of the largest in the County and was therefore a suitable case study on account of its expected volume and diversity of hazardous biomedical waste. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to select 53 respondents from the medical, teaching administrative and housekeeping departments of the Hospital. Primary data were obtained using questionnaires, informal interviews, observation and photography. Secondary data were derived from hospital records, hospital magazine as well as the Hospital website. Other secondary data sources included research reports, policy documents, unpublished theses. Data analysis was carried out using frequencies and percentages. The study findings indicated the Hospital generated various hazardous biomedical wastes associated with patient, laboratory and support services. The most frequently generated waste was sharps waste which accounted for 92.8 per cent of the patient services categories. Infectious, pathological and chemical wastes accounted for 78.5 per cent, 71.4 per cent and 64.3 per cent respectively, of the patient service categories. The study also established that waste segregation using colour coded bins was well entrenched in the hospital although waste mixing occurred. All hazardous biomedical wastes were treated and onsite waste transportation was conducted using trolleys and carts, as per the provisions of Kenya’s The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006. A significant proportion of the study respondents (75.5 per cent) were aware of the various policies governing hazardous biomedical waste management and waste was mainly managed through incineration and private waste collection. The main waste management challenges in the hospital were the mixing of wastes, waste spillage as well as ignorance of waste management procedures by waste handlers. It is concluded that although the hospital was safely and effectively managing hazardous biomedical waste through compliance with the provisions of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006, it nonetheless needed to address the challenges associated with mixing of waste at the departmental and waste handling levels, as well as the environmental implications of the use of incineration as the main the main waste management practice.
Hazardous biomedical waste, waste segregation, incineration, waste management
Copyright (c) 2020 Evelyne Atieno, James Moronge
Towards a framework for monitoring and communicating water resources sustainability: A case study of Rwamuthambi Sub Catchment area, Kenya
Wetlands degradation in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem health has been experienced especially from wetland vegetation loss due to unsustainable usage of natural resources. This study explores the indicators involved and various strategies the local community employs in utilization and conservation of Rwamuthambi sub catchment, the role played by Water Resource Users Association (WRUA) to influence the sub catchment area management and how these strategies can be used to monitor and communicate sustainability. Data was collected using field surveys, questionnaires, key informant interviews and direct observations. This data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression analysis using Stata software. The results indicated that level of household incomes influenced level of sub catchment conservation and sensitization (p< 0.05). Enforcement had a significant positive influence (p< 0.05) to the economy and environment components. Community involvement and community initiative had a strong significant influence (p< 0.05) on utilization, conservation and sensitization which are the components of sustainability. The study revealed that sustainability was mainly about people and their wellbeing. The study found that 82% of the community members were involved in sub catchment utilization activities. Though profit driven, their involvement subsequently improved the sub catchment conservation. However, community levels of education did not influence sub catchment sustainability. The study adopted and improved the illustration of sustainability pillars as the framework to monitor and communicate the effects of these indicators. Based on the findings, the study concluded that conservation was a function of utilization and recommended a systematic follow-up by practitioners on the tipping point of utilization-driven conservation.
Analysis of historical rainfall variability, droughts and wet Seasons. A case of Wiyumiririe Laikipia County
The importance of historical rainfall pattern in gaining a sound understanding of climate change in any particular region is paramount. This study investigated rainfall variability at Wiyumiririe location of Ngobit ward, Laikipia County Kenya. The study sought to gain insight into rainfall variability, intensity, and frequency of droughts and wet periods as a pointer to the distribution, reliability and total amount of rainfall received both for the long and short growing seasons. The study relied on historical rainfall data derived from the nearby Lamuria weather station (code: 9036213; 0o08’S 36o 52’E) operated by the Water Management Authority (WMA) for Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), for the period between January 1958 and December 2017. The choice of the weather station was based on the fact that it was the only one of its kind within a radius of 100 kms from the study site and in the same Agro Climatic Zone V. Moreover, it contained credible historical weather data. Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) was used for analysis. Results of the study showed that over the years, the total amount of rainfall was declining; the frequency and intensity of droughts are increasing while the wet periods are reducing in numbers and intensity. Therefore, for farmers to improve food security and adapt to the changing climate, there is a need to focus on how to maximize on the available rainwater while at the same time remain cognizant of the changing patterns of rainfall. The significance of the study was that the information is likely to help farmers and policy makers make informed decisions while choosing appropriate adaptation options. From these findings it would be necessary to develop sound micro-water harvesting technologies, and embrace drought escaping crop varieties among other coping mechanisms to mitigate the negative effects of declining rainfall and the emergent trend of droughts and wet seasons.
Rainfall variability, Rainfall Anomaly index, droughts, wet seasons, climate change
A Survey of leather waste generation and disposal mode in selected counties in Kenya
Disposal of leather waste from urban tanneries is a major challenge. Sustainable and environmentally friendly methods are required in urban settings. This paper therefore, deals with the identification and quantification of all types of tanned solid wastes generated by 6 pre-selected urban tanneries in Kenya vis a vis corresponding quantity of hides and skins processed. Questionnaire survey and key informant interviews were conducted. The data collected in this study was analysed using descriptive statistics, and the analysis showed that 1,443,000kg of chromium contaminated leather waste was generated by the 6 pre-selected tanneries in the month of study. The generated wastes constituted chrome shavings (32.1%), chrome splits and trimmings (36.2%), vegetable shavings (9.1%), vegetable splits and trimmings (14.9%), crust trimmings (3.5%), buffing dust (2.4%) and finished trimmings (1.8%), all of which amounted to 2,112,560kg for one month in the 6 pre-selected tanneries that were investigated. The current modes of disposal of the waste include landfilling, dumping in open grounds, and or incineration. Out of the total amount of hides processed in the 6 pre-selected tanneries during the month of study (6,642,525kg), 31.8% of this amount (i.e. 2,112,560kg) was actually converted into leather solid wastes. The proportion of leather solid wastes generated vis a vis the corresponding amount of hides processed was found to match closely with what is reported in literature (standard practice). It was also established in this study that chromium-containing leather waste formed the highest percentage (68.3%) of the various types of leather solid wastes generated in the 6 tanneries that were investigated.
Soil properties and their influence on tree species distribution on and off the floodplain in the Tana River area of Kenya
Variation in soil properties can influence plant composition and distribution in river floodplains of semi-arid regions. Soil data were collected alongside tree species data on and off the Tana River floodplain in South-eastern Kenya from plots that were organized along transects. A t-test was used to compare soil properties and canonical correspondence analysis to relate the soil properties to the tree species distribution. Moisture (t = 5.92), pH (t = 2.03), P (t = 5.91), Mg (t = 3.25) and Ca (t = 2.04) were significantly higher inside the floodplain (P < 0.05), and bulk density outside the floodplain (t = -8.76, P < 0.05). The influence of soil properties on tree species distribution was higher inside the floodplain with a higher fitted variation of 43% for the first two axes. Bulk density, Ca, Mg, K and CEC significantly influenced the distribution of tree species inside and outside the floodplain. The influence of moisture, P, N and C outside, and pH inside was also significant. The results show that soil properties and flood regime disturbances are important drivers of the vegetation composition. This information is useful in management of tree populations in the light of climate variability and mega dam constructions.
floodplain, soil properties, Tana River, tree species distribution
Some socio-economic drivers of agroforestry adoption in Temiyotta Location, Nakuru County, Kenya
This paper provides empirical evidence of some socio-economic drivers of adoption of agroforestry practices among small scale farmers in Temiyotta Location, Nakuru County, Kenya. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to select 86 household heads from the three Sub-locations making up the study area, namely Ikumbi, Murginye, and Cheptagum. Primary data were collected from the field using questionnaires, photography, and observation. Secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources. Data analysis was carried out using both descriptive and inferential data tools. Research results indicate farm size, household annual income, and household size as the key drivers of agroforestry adoption in the study area. There was no significant statistical relationship between the education level of the household head and adoption of agroforestry practices. It is concluded that socio-economic factors do influence agroforestry adoption in the study area and must, therefore, be incorporated into any interventions meant to enhance agroforestry adoption and diffusion.
Influence of Environmental Impact Assessment in minimizing climate change impacts on transport infrastructure in Kenya
Transport sector infrastructure is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Over the past few decades, Kenya has witnessed a number of extreme rainfall events with consequent damage on transport infrastructure. This calls for a paradigm shift in the planning, design and construction of infrastructure. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a planning tool has the potential to minimize climate change impacts on transport infrastructure. This study therefore aimed at reviewing the impact of extreme rainfall on Kenyan road infrastructure, analyze the contribution of EIA practice in the minimization of these impacts and examine the barriers to the integration of climate change issues into EIA practice. Mean monthly rainfall anomalies were computed using data from nine representative meteorological stations in Kenya covering the period 1980 to 2017. These anomalies guided a review of climate impacts on the transport infrastructures that were retrieved from various archived information sources. Systematic sampling method was applied in selecting 71 EIA reports from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) database and a survey conducted among 105 EIA Experts and 8 Key Informants. Results of the study revealed that extreme rains associated with climate variability and change caused unprecedented damage to transport infrastructure in Kenya and the contribution of current EIA practice in handling climate change impacts was found to be very low. Findings from the survey undertaken cited weak institutional monitoring and enforcement capacity (75.3%), inadequate knowledge of climate change science among EIA experts (74.3%), unavailability of reliable climate data (50.5%) and inadequate EIA regulations (46.7%) as the main barriers to climate change integration into EIA practice. The effectiveness of EIA in addressing climate change impacts and adaptation would therefore be enhanced through training of EIA experts, strengthening the capacity of monitoring and enforcement institutions, continued research on climate change and revision of EIA regulations among others.
Impacts of plant invasive species on local farming communities around Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve, Malawi
This paper sought to examine the impacts of plant invasive species on communities living around the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve (MMFR). 30 respondents were selected using systematic sampling from five villages around the forest. The chi-square was used to test the hypothesis that the plant invasive species had no positive impacts on the local farming communities neighbouring the forest reserve. The findings indicated that plant invasive species had more of negative impacts on communities neighbouring the forest than positive impacts. The results showed that the communities identified reducing agricultural yields as the main threat followed by competition with medicinal plants and firewood. In terms of recommendations, education and awareness was found to be the key for addressing this issue.
Impact of rainfall variability on surface water resources in Homa Bay county, Kenya
Changes in the Lake Victoria basin rainfall regime has far reaching environmental, hydrological and socio-economic effects to the more than 30 million people living around the lake. Lake Victoria basin water balance has rainfall as the main input, contributing about 80% of the input. Rainfall variability therefore plays a key role in the availability of surface water resources in the Lake Victoria basin. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between Climate Variability and spatial distribution of Surface Water Resources in Homa Bay County. The rivers Kibuon, Tende and Riana are studied. Secondary data sets including climate data which are both in-situ and proxy data were sourced from Kenya Meteorological Department and the Global Weather Database for the period 1986-2012. River discharge data for 30 years spanning from 1983 to 2013 was obtained from Water Resources Authority while the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model (SWAT) was used in the estimation of weather variables including precipitation, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation. Correlation, regression and time series analysis which largely relies on the SWAT model output data were used to determine the relationship between climate variability and surface water resources in relation to availability, distribution and Yield of surface water systems. Impacts of variability in rainfall and temperature trends on surface water resources was discovered in distribution and quantity of water yield These findings will be useful in management of water resources within Homa Bay county and also aid in planning based on rainfall forecasts to avert water crisis scenarios in the county.